Intraemprendedurismo
Un intraemprendedor es un trabajador comprometido, capaz de desarrollar nuevas líneas de negocio o generar algún tipo de innovación dentro de la empresa, ya sea un proyecto, una idea, etc. Son personas proactivas, perseverantes y sin miedo a asumir responsabilidades, que se centran generalmente en identificar nuevas oportunidades, innovar y crear valor para la empresa.
Este tipo de trabajador despliega sus cualidades en la organización, utilizando sus ideas y su creatividad y aprovechando los recursos que tiene a su disposición para alcanzar los objetivos marcados. El intraemprendedor no solo forma parte del cambio, lo promueve.
¿Qué características definen al intraemprendedor?
Ganas de superarse. Siempre buscan la manera de superarse a sí mismos, de mejorar. Esto los lleva a ser muy pasionales y estar muy motivados por lo que siempre plantean grandes retos.
Visión de futuro. No tienen reservas para impulsar un nuevo negocio por su cuenta y riesgo, o para hacer crecer los negocios de la empresa.
Espíritu crítico: son personas críticas, capaces de cuestionar los modelos establecidos, con una actitud inconformista por naturaleza. No obstante, la finalidad de su crítica es siempre constructiva y se enfoca a la mejora del modelo actual para ayudar a la consecución de los objetivos empresariales.
Iniciativa. Continuamente tratan de aportar nuevas ideas de procesos, de productos o incluso mejoras, siempre orientados a los resultados.
Liderazgo. También destacan por ser capaces de tomar decisiones y gestionar equipos de trabajo.
Flexibilidad, perseverancia y resolución. Se implican a fondo hasta lograr sus objetivos, y siguiendo adelante a pesar de los problemas que puedan surgir. Además, son muy resolutivos cuando aparecen adversidades y tratan de resolver problemas de frente.
Responsabilidad, planificación y decisión.
Identificación con la empresa. Este tipo de trabajador se identifica con la empresa y comparte su cultura y valores, por lo que mira por el bien común.
Autodidactas. Siempre están en continua formación, se consideran alumnos que pueden seguir aprendiendo y adquiriendo conocimientos.
Aceptación del fracaso: a diferencia de la mayor parte de personas, los intraemprendedores conciben el fracaso como una oportunidad para aprender y extraer conclusiones positivas. Por eso, para ellos, no es nada más que un componente que puede formar parte de todo proceso de innovación y, por tanto, un factor que es necesario considerar y aceptar si se da el caso.
¿Qué aporta un intraemprendedor a una empresa?
Saber identificar este tipo de perfiles puede resultar muy beneficioso para el futuro de una organización, ya que la hará crecer y progresar. Además, estos profesionales se involucran con la empresa, les gusta su trabajo, son muy entusiastas y proponen ideas, por lo que son cada vez más demandados en las compañías.
Algunas de las ventajas de contratar a un intraemprendedor:
La empresa gana en productividad y eficiencia.
Las dinámicas de trabajo se renuevan y adaptan a las nuevas demandas del mercado reinventando así las que a día de hoy están obsoletas.
Es una figura motivadora, que puede generar una nueva atmósfera que estimule al resto de trabajadores, lo que redunda en una mejor productividad.
La empresa tiene la oportunidad de investigar nuevos campos, líneas de negocios y recursos empresariales.
La pasión y dedicación por el trabajo es un incentivo que añade valor a la empresa, acelera el desarrollo e innova con diferentes soluciones ante casos de incertidumbre o necesidad de cambios.
Poniendo el valor añadido como ejemplo, esa pasión y dedicación se traduce en más motivación a la hora de realizar el trabajo.
Al ser una figura innovadora y en constante cambio y adaptación, su evolución va al ritmo de las nuevas tecnologías.
Ser intraemprendedor, obviamente, requiere un duro trabajo. También es verdad que, para poder ejercer correctamente esta labor, el espacio empresarial debe ser el correcto y debe permitir aplicar nuevas dinámicas de trabajo.
Según el Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), si la empresa tiene la suerte de detectar a los intraemprendedores, tiene que incentivarlos ofreciéndoles:
Entorno seguro. Aunque el intraemprendedor es un profesional innovador al que le gusta el riesgo, no es tan lanzado como el emprendedor que crea su empresa "sin red", siendo consciente que el fracaso del proyecto puede ser su ruina económica. El intraemprendedor ha decidido formar parte de un proyecto que le asegura el mantenimiento de su puesto, aunque la idea no llegue a tener éxito. Para ayudarlo a desarrollar su iniciativa, la empresa debe crear un entorno seguro que le permita dedicar tiempo a su proyecto con la tranquilidad de volver al puesto anterior si la experiencia no consigue los resultados esperados. La organización también debe admitir los posibles riesgos y estar dispuestas a tolerar los posibles errores o fallos.
Libertad. Si la empresa quiere iniciativa y creatividad debe proporcionar total libertad a los empleados para experimentar. Como cualquier emprendedor, quiere libertad de actuación, sin barreras que coarten o cambien el rumbo de la idea de negocio. Esto no significa que trabaje solo, sin supervisión ni apoyo, sino que debe tenerse en cuenta su criterio aunque forme parte de un equipo creado para desarrollar el proyecto.
Recursos. Como cualquier idea de negocio, su desarrollo va a necesitar de recursos, no solo técnicos o logísticos, también humanos. Aunque en un principio pueda resultar costoso para la compañía, ceder parte de sus recursos a un proyecto que no tiene resultados cuantificables, si el proyecto llega a ser una realidad, la recompensa final merecerá la pena.
Apoyo de la alta dirección: uno de los pilares del intraemprendedurismo es que los empleados cuenten con el soporte del equipo directivo y que su labor se enmarque dentro de la cultura de la innovación interna y la confianza con los empleados como parte del motor de cambio. En este sentido, el estilo de liderazgo es vital ya que deberá ser tolerante con el surgimiento de nuevas ideas y receptivo con las transformaciones.
Compensación: Si bien el intraemprendedor es una persona motivada y predispuesta a aportar ideas para mejorar los procesos internos de la empresa, esto no nos debe hacer pensar que no espera nada a cambio. No sólo es cuestión de otorgarles mejoras salariales, sino también de ofrecerles otra serie de ventajas, ya sea vinculadas a la empresa o externas.
Las organizaciones, por lo tanto, deben funcionar como si se tratasen de incubadoras. Desarrollar su actividad y además trabajar para que sus intraemprendedores cuenten con el entorno adecuado, poniéndoles a disposición la estructura que les permita innovar. También facilitarles herramientas para aportar propuestas y asignar parte de su jornada laboral a que trabajen en sus propios proyectos.
Una de las empresas que más apuestan por el intraemprendedurismo es Google. Todos los empleados disponen de un 20% de su tiempo para emprender nuevos proyectos y pensar en cómo mejorar la compañía. Una iniciativa que ya están siguiendo otras empresas de Silicon Valley.
Intrapreneurship
Intrapreneurship is the act of behaving like an entrepreneur while working within a large organization. Intrapreneurship is known as the practice of a corporate management style that integrates risk-taking and innovation approaches, as well as the reward and motivational techniques, that are more traditionally thought of as being the province of entrepreneurship.
Definition
Pinchot (1985) defined intrapreneurs as "dreamers who do. Those who take responsibility for creating an innovation of any kind within an organization." In 1992, The American Heritage Dictionary acknowledged the popular use of a new word, intrapreneur, to mean "A person within a large corporation who takes direct responsibility for turning an idea into a profitable finished product through assertive risk-taking and innovation". Dictionary.com defines an intrapreneur as "an employee of a large corporation who is given freedom and financial support to create new products, services, systems, etc., and does not have to follow the corporation's usual routines or protocols." Koch (2014) goes further, claiming that intrapreneurs are the "secret weapon" of the business world. Based on these definitions, being an intrapreneur is considered to be beneficial for both intrapreneurs and large organizations. Companies support intrapreneurs with finance and access to corporate resources, while intrapreneurs create innovation for companies.
The intrapreneur is not to be confused with the "innerpreneur", a person who aims at personal fulfilment more than at economic gains when creating a business. For innerpreneurs the primary motivation is the need to implement their vision of something the world needs, something that aligns with their values.
History
The first written use of the terms ‘intrapreneur’, ‘intrapreneuring,’ and ‘intrapreneurship’ date from a 1978 white paper, Intra-Corporate Entrepreneurship, by Gifford Pinchot III and Elizabeth S. Pinchot. Later Norman Macrae, who read the white paper, credited the term to Gifford Pinchot III in the April 17, 1982 issue of The Economist. The first formal academic case study of corporate entrepreneurship or intrapreneurship was published in June 1982, as a Master's in Management thesis, by Howard Edward Haller, on the intrapreneurial creation of PR1ME Leasing within PR1ME Computer Inc. (from 1977 to 1981). This academic research was later published as a case study by VDM Verlag as Intrapreneurship Success: A Prime Example. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language included the term 'intrapreneur' in its 3rd 1992 Edition, with Pinchot as the originator of the concept. The term "intrapreneurship" was used in the popular media first in February 1985 by TIME magazine article "Here Come the Intrapreneurs" and then the same year in another major popular publication was in a quote by Steve Jobs, Apple Computer's Chairman, in an interview in the September 1985 Newsweek article, which quotes him as saying, "The Macintosh team was what is commonly known as intrapreneurship; only a few years before the term was coined — a group of people going, in essence, back to the garage, but in a large company." In the African context, intrapreneurship education started in the early 1990s at the University of Cape Town, and then at the University of Pretoria. Professor Antonites Alexander and later Professor Alain Ndedi were among the first scholars to conduct research in the field. Professor Alain Ndedi Master research was rated among the best books of all times in the field of intrapreneurship by BookAutority (https://bookauthority.org/books/best-intrapreneurship-books).
Employee intrapreneur
"Intrapreneurship refers to employee initiatives in organizations to undertake something new, without being asked to do so."(Ndedi, 2004), Intrapreneurship Conceptualizing entrepreneurial employee behaviour. http://www.entrepreneurship-sme.eu/pdf-ez/H200802.pdf Archived 3 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine</ref> Hence, the intrapreneurfocuses on innovation and creativity, and transforms an idea into a profitable venture, while operating within the organizational environment. Thus, intrapreneurs are Inside entrepreneurs who follow the goal of the organization. Intrapreneurship is an example of motivation through job design, either formally or informally. (See also Corporate Social Entrepreneurship: intrapreneurship within the firm which is driven to produce social capital in addition to economic capital.) Employees, such as marketing executives, internal professionals or perhaps those engaged in a special project within a larger firm, are encouraged to behave as entrepreneurs, even though they have the resources, capabilities and security of the larger firm to draw upon. Capturing a little of the dynamic nature of entrepreneurial management (trying things until successful, learning from failures, attempting to conserve resources, etc.) adds to the potential of an otherwise static organization, without exposing those employees to the risks or accountability normally associated with entrepreneurial failure. Alain Ndedi (2004) in his research found that there are five antecedents to intrapreneurship development within organisations. (Ndedi, 2004; https://bookauthority.org/books/best-intrapreneurship-books)
Another characteristic of intrapreneurs is their courage and flexibility to think outside of the box, which allows them to work on ideas that may change strategic direction and dd value to the organisation (Ndedi, 2004). Even though many managers are afraid of radical changes, they are often the only way to help companies grow. This is exemplified by Wipro in India, a small vegetable company that ended up being a software outsourcing powerhouse. Another example is Tony Hsieh of Zappos, who started as a commercial footwear vendor and became the CEO of Zappos, which has expanded into an online customer experience company.
According to Pinchot, intrapreneurs are both employees and leaders of a large organizations that act similar to entrepreneurs in terms of e.g. self-motivation, creativity and pro-activity. Pinchot claims that while intrapreneurs must be leaders, they differ very much from managers. Strong leadership skills are needed to strengthen teams and to persuade others to follow and execute their ideas. Leadership skills are also important to support rapid decision making under uncertainty. Managers, on the contrary, consider more risks than uncertainty and often work within established patterns. Moreover, traditional managers get their authority from the above; intrapreneurs, by contrast, start without the recognition of the same degree of power.
Intrapreneurs are able to search for opportunities and shape them into high-potential innovations through teamwork and with access to corporate resources. This assumes the right conditions of good leadership, communication and the appropriate environment to support creativity, these are essential for entrepreneurial outcomes to take place). The win-win situation of intrapreneurial motivation leading to corporate benefits are considered idealistic by some. According to Smedley), only a few companies know how to encourage intrapreneurs. Some examples are listed below.
Examples
One of the most well-known examples of intrapreneurship is the "Skunk Works" group at Lockheed Martin. The group was originally named after a reference in a cartoon, and was first brought together in 1943 to build the P-80 fighter jet. Because the project was to eventually become a part of the war effort, the project was internally protected and secretive. Kelly Johnson, later famous for Kelly's 14 rules of intrapreneurship, was the director of this group.
Another example could be 3M, who encourage many projects within the company. They give certain freedom to employees to create their own projects, and they even give them funds to use for these projects. (In the days of its founders, HP used to have similar policies and just such an innovation-friendly atmosphere and intrapreneurial reputation.) Besides 3M, Intel also has a tradition of implementing intrapreneurship. Google is also known to be intrapreneur friendly, allowing their employees to spend up to 20% of their time to pursue projects of their choice.
Other companies such as Xerox, Virgin, Siemens and Microsoft are also looking for unique solutions to promote Corporate Entrepreneuship, CE, in their own businesses, e.g. by developing separate research and development departments. Siemens-Nixdorf took a different approach, designing a 2-year corporate program to turn 300 managers into intrapreneurs, skilled in spotting new business opportunities with notable potential.
Kanter and Richardson's case study research "Engines of Progress" describes how Ohio-Bell encouraged intrapreneurial behaviour through the development of a system of innovation called "Enter-Prize". Ostensibly, the program was about generating innovation but the design was cultural rather than financial.
CISCO lead an Innovation Everywhere Challenge to build a corporate culture of Innovation in 2016. They offered $50,000 cash ($25,000 Seed, $25,000 Reward) and 3 Months paid time off to the winners. The three ideas presented included virtual reality videoconferencing, disability hiring programs, and digital media productivity suite.
Challenges
The biggest challenge for intrapreneurs is dealing with the "Corporate Immune System".This expression means that corporate organizational structures such as bureaucracy, hierarchy, rules etc. do not support intrapreneurial culture and behaviour. Many companies struggle with applying the concept of intrapreneurship into their daily routines due to high levels of defined tasks and schedules that deter opportunities for serendipity and for new ideas to be recognised. Issues around a highly defined schedule and lack of necessary time and space for idea creation are also highlighted in an article by Sushain Pandit (2015). Kawasaki (2006) also highlights the lack of rewards for entrepreneurial behaviour as a demotivating factor to search for new ideas.
Failure, or fear of failure, is another reason for organisations not becoming more entrepreneurial. Wladawsky-Berger (2010) found that firms act to protect resources by avoiding risk and penalizing failure. This resonates with the framework proposed by Ahuja and Lampert (2001) that explains why companies fail to develop breakthrough inventions. According to the framework, there is a tendency in large firms to favour familiar and mature technologies, and also search for new ideas that are similar to existing solutions. The authors propose investing in developing novel and emerging technologies, because this will increase the likelihood of breakthrough inventions. However, their model lacks how to build upon the ideas. On the contrary, Ireland et al. (2009) present a model that conceptualises the CE strategy. Their model considers three main elements: entrepreneurial vision, organisational structure and behaviour, all of which influence and complement each other. The authors claim that these factors have to be adapted at three levels: at the organisational level, at the level of top-managers and at the level of other employees. It means that an effective CE strategy cannot be dictated by top-managers, only instigated by them. In doing so, they have to create CE strategy from interactions between entrepreneurial vision, pro-entrepreneurial architecture and entrepreneurial behaviour.
Jones and Butler (1992) stated that due to organisational size, age and complex functions, entrepreneurship and management are often separated. Their different levels of tolerance for risks (i.e. managers tend to avoid risks, while entrepreneurs work under uncertain conditions) generally result in managers penalizing failure. In addition, the lack of rewards and bureaucracy lead to outside entrepreneurship. Consequently, intrapreneurs often quit their jobs and set up their own businesses. Behrens and Patzelt (2015) claims that this could be prevented by choosing managers with failure experience in their previous positions. Smedley (2013) also suggests that creating structure for new ideas depends on managers personal experience and attitude. He gives an example of SAP, a company who claims to celebrate failure. One of the recognized approaches to achieve this is through an "I wish/ I like session": the "I like" statements recognizes new projects, while the "I wish" statements consider how things can be done in a different way.
Recognising Intrapreneurs
Intrapreneurs often remain hidden and unrecognised because they often display behaviour contrary to what is considered as "corporate". Accenture states that recognizing and supporting intrapreneurs is the biggest challenge for Entrepreneurial Leadership. However, Sinha & Srivastava may have a solution. Sinha & Srivastava's study evaluates personality factors such as extroversion; work values such as the need for intellectual stimulation and creativity; and, socio-cultural factors such as individualism and power distance and the relationship between these factors and an organisation's Intrapreneurial Orientation (the extent to which employees act in an entrepreneurial manner within their place of employment). The results of the study indicate a strong association between these personality factors and an organisation's Intrapreneurial Orientation. In practical terms, this implies that organisations can influence their Intrapreneurial Orientation through selection at recruitment and through ongoing training and development.
Why is Intrapreneurship a contemporary issue and how do practitioners apply the knowledge?
Intrapreneurship is a contemporary issue with pressing relevance for corporate managers. Antoncic and Hisrich conclude that intrapreneurship has a positive impact on organisational growth and profitability. Organisations that build structures and embed values to support intrapreneurship are consequently more likely to have a high Intrapreneurial Orientation and are more likely to grow than organisations with a low Intrapreneurial Orientation. Intrapreneurial organisations are more innovative, they continually renew and this proactive approach leads to new business venturing. Their findings indicate that intrapreneurship could be particularly beneficial for transition economies.
Antoncic & Hisrich find that good quality open communications together with a formal structure and supported by environmental scanning and management support will help an organisation become more intrapreneurial. Barringer at al support this assertion and describe the relationship between corporate entrepreneurship and strategic management. They found that the following variables can influence the organisation: Scanning Intensity, Planning Flexibility, Planning Horizon, Locus of Planning and Control Attributes. McKinsey's survey supports the view that organisations with a formal process report higher success rates.
In general, the academic approach to intrapreneurship is predominantly based on the company wide re-organisation required to foster intrapreneurship. By contrast, the corporate view is often that innovation is the means, rather than the end. This is described in Capozzi et al. where the driver for innovation is identified as the strategic need to grow the core business. Thus, there is often a difference in the vocabulary used with academics preferring intrapreneurship and practitioners talking of innovation.
Practicing managers looking to increase their organisation's Intrapreneurial Orientation, or their organisation's capacity for innovation could familiarize themselves with Altringer's "New model for innovation"; this relies on successful entrepreneurs facilitating innovation sessions. This pragmatic approach relies on timely interventions to generate innovative ideas, rather than a company wide cultural change requiring organisational re-design. Another approach to bridging the gap between practitioners and academia is the model proposed by Anthony et al. The Minimum Viable Innovation System (MVIS) is an attempt to take the essence of academic models and demonstrate how organisations can implement a MVIS within 90 days
How to develop Intrapreneurs?
As collaboration increases, the capability to collaborate leads finally to organizational learning as part of non-routine work processes. Many firms not only empower managers but also enable employees to become more innovative and flexible even in the course of their daily activities and routine tasks. Through empowerment, employees become owners of their tasks. Described on a larger picture is the concept of identity building. In other words, employees require opportunities to make informed choices. They must accept personal responsibility for their actions and their consequences as traditional entrepreneurs across markets would do.
For creating sustained value through building intrapreneurship into the organization, a strong management commitment is essential. The management of the firm is eventually responsible for providing the conditions that facilitate individual intrapreneurial attitude with the aim of opening the employee's minds (see also culture of open innovation).
Many, including George Kliavkoff (President MGM), believe a strong culture of intrapreneurs comes from three key concepts being: an executive mandate, a creative structure, and patient capital. Executive mandate means that you have top-down support for innovation within the organization.